¶2 The testator's will was admitted to probate on June 24, 1980. His daughter [contestant], a minor when the will was probated, initiated a post-probate contest on August 29, 1983.¹ She instituted the proceeding within the one year allowed in § 67 for a challenge by persons who were under disability at the time the will was admitted.

¶6 A lawsuit timely filed when brought but later dismissed on grounds unrelated to the merits of the controversy falls within the ameliorative relief affordable under the terms of 12 O.S. 1981 § 100 .² The refiling, if effected in conformity to the terms of § 100, relates the time of the action's commencement back to the date the petition was brought originally.³

¶7 Oklahoma received the recommencement-of-actions provision from the laws of Kansas.⁴ The construction the Kansas Supreme Court had placed on § 100 before Oklahoma's adoption of the statute is binding on us. The text came to us encumbered by the meaning accorded it in Kansas. Judicial interpretation by a court of last resort impressed on adopted legislation before its reception cannot be changed by jurisprudence of the receiving state. Legislative process affords the only effective means for departure from the binding force of the prestatehood Kansas case law.⁵

¶8 When we adopted § 100, the Kansas Supreme Court had held in Medill v. Snyder⁶ that this section did not operate to extend the time for a post-probate contest. Its decision emphasized that legislation authorizing the reopening of a will contest is not a true statute of limitations but rather a special enactment, complete in itself, which designates the only avenue of relief that may be sought from a will's admission.⁷ The court noted that a timely institution of the post-probate will contest is a precondition of the court's cognizance. According to Medill, since time is of the essence both for the exercise of the court's power and for the preservation of the right to a post-probate challenge, the lapse-of-time provision in § 67 is not a true limitation that operates merely to destroy the remedy but one that extinguishes both the contestant's right and the court's power to act.

¶10 Section 100, which operates generally to extend statutory limitations, is remedial in nature. It serves to lengthen only the period allowed for the commencement of an action or proceeding⁸ - whether the action or proceeding be one at law, in equity or one that is grounded on statute.⁹ It does not enlarge the time to challenge judicial action. Section 100 has no application to an attack upon a judicial decision. The commencement of a proceeding to vacate, to modify or to reopen a judgment or decree is governed by special time limits not affected by general limitations of actions. Among the familiar statutes that regulate the time for challenging judicial action or judgment are: [1] 12 O.S. 1981 § 1038 which governs time limits for vacation or modification of judgments;¹⁰ [2] 12 O.S. 1981 § 176 which deals with the time limit to reopen a judgment;¹¹ [3] 12 O.S. 1981 § 700 which regulates the time to show cause against a judgment rendered during a person's minority;¹² [4] [743 P.2d 652] 12 O.S. 1981 § 655 which deals with time limits for a new trial as a result of (a) an impossibility to prepare the appellate record or (b) newly discovered evidence;¹³ [5] 51 O.S.Supp. 1986 § 156 which provides time limits for the accrual of a cause of action in favor of a minor under The Governmental Tort Claims Act¹⁴ and [6] 58 O.S. 1981 § 67 which controls time limits for a post-probate will contest.¹⁵ All of these special time limits attach directly to the right created. They constitute conditions precedent to the pursuit of the affordable relief rather than a limitation on the time to commence an action.¹⁶ Our case law requires that a challenge made under the cited statutes be brought within the time prescribed for its institution by the authorizing enactment.¹⁷

¶11 Another principle of law may be invoked to reinforce the result we reach today. Where, as here, there are two statutory provisions - one of which is general and the other special because it clearly includes the matter in controversy and prescribes different rules and procedures from those in a general provision - the special, and not the general statute, must be applied.¹⁸ Section 67 is a special statute regulating the time to challenge a will's prior admission to probate.

¶13 The common law recognizes two different time bars that are conceptually distinct: [1] an "ordinary" or "true" statute of limitations that regulates the time to bring an action and [2] a time limit that establishes a condition upon the right or constitutes a substantive element of the claim.¹⁹ A legislative act that spells out the time in which an action must be brought is deemed to be an ordinary or true statute of limitations. It bars only the remedy - not the right - unless the prescribed time limit is so specifically attached to the substantive claim that it must be construed as an element of, or condition upon, the right. Ordinary limitations may be tolled and, unless affirmatively pleaded, the time bar is deemed waived. On the other hand, a time bar falling into the category of a condition upon the right is a substantive element of the claim and cannot be tolled. It differs vastly from a statute that regulates merely the time for the commencement of an action. This is so because it operates to extinguish the right as well as the remedy and in so doing it may also transfer an [743 P.2d 653] interest lost by time lapse.²⁰ Time bars in this category do not merely destroy the claim but also confer a new right on one who may invoke the benefit of the lapse.²¹ Where applicable, the § 100 recommencement statute is but an extension of the statutorily established limitations period. It will not avail to resurrect a lost right but may serve solely to extend the time for the pursuit of a remedy that otherwise would have been barred.

¶16 Whether the statutory period for bringing a post-probate will contest constitutes a limitation on the exercise of judicial power or a limitation on bringing an action is to be divined from the legislative intent.²² Section 67 plainly evinces concern for expediency in the prosecution of all post-probate will challenges. A nondisabled contestant is given but three months to bring a contest after the will has been admitted. Not unmindful of the special problems minors and persons of unsound mind may encounter in their quest for judicial relief, the legislature provided in § 67 a savings clause for persons who stand under a legal disability. The latter may bring a contest within one year after their impediment has been removed. The lapse-of-time provision in § 67 clearly evinces a design to extinguish the contestant's right to challenge the will's prior admission and to serve as a limitation upon the court's power to hear and to determine the post-probate challenge.²³ In short, the opportunity to [743 P.2d 654] bring a post-probate will contest is irretrievably lost unless the quest for relief be brought within the specific period provided in § 67.²⁴

¹ The testator's daughter alleged in her petition that she had attained the age of majority on October 27, 1982.

² The one-year extension allowed by 12 O.S. 1981 § 100 to recommence an action is the outgrowth of the ancient common-law rule of "journey's account." Its purpose was to allow a reasonable time for a "journey" to court to sue out a writ. Baker v. Cohn, 266 App.Div. 236, 41 N.Y.S.2d 765, 767 [1943]; Jackson v. Prairie Oil & Gas Co., 115 Kan. 386, 222 P. 1114, 1115 [1924] and Hodges v. Home Ins. Co. of New York, 233 N.C. 289, 63 S.E.2d 819, 820 [1951]. Section 100 is identical in purpose and form to its English prototype, the English Limitation Act of 1623, 21 Jac. I, c. 16, § 4 . See, Gaines v. City of New York, 215 N.Y. 533, 109 N.E. 594, 595-596 [1915].

³ C & C Tile Co. v. Independent Sch. D. No. 7 of Tulsa Cty., Okl., 503 P.2d 554, 559 [1972]. Where a timely commenced action is dismissed without prejudice on the plaintiff's motion before trial on the merits but after the statute of limitations has run, the plaintiff may commence a new action within a year after such dismissal. Powers v. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Co., Okl., 392 P.2d 744, 745 [1964].

⁴ Amsden v. Johnson, 74 Okl. 295, 158 P. 1148, 1149 [1916].

⁵ The prestatehood construction placed by the Kansas Supreme Court on a statute adopted by Oklahoma becomes codified with the statute and thus has the same effect as though it had been expressly carried into the body of the legislative law. Atlantic Richfield Co. v. State, Okl., 659 P.2d 930, 934 [1983]; Horath v. Pierce, Okl., 506 P.2d 548, 554 [1973]; Brook v. James A. Cullimore & Co., Okl., 436 P.2d 32, 34 [1967]; In re Fletcher's Estate, Okl., 308 P.2d 304, 311 [1957] and Harness v. Myers, 143 Okl. 147, 288 P. 285, 288 [1930].

⁶ Medill v. Snyder, 71 Kan. 590, 81 P.2d 216 [1905].

⁷ The court in Medill v. Snyder, supra note 6 at 217, observed that the purpose of the law [§ 67] is "to protect devisees, legatees, executors, and trustees in their property rights, to foil efforts on the part of designing persons to foment annoying and embarrassing litigation, and generally to prevent the questioning of wills after time has removed witnesses and obscured the circumstances of their execution." This is so because, according to Medill, statutes authorizing post-probate contests are distinguishable from a true statute of limitations whose time may be extended by the renewal provisions. The former [1] concerns itself primarily with the creation and regulation of jurisdiction and procedure, [2] makes the probate of a will conclusive and forever binding, [3] establishes the title to real and personal property under probated wills and [4] creates indisputable evidence of such title. This, the court opined, went beyond merely providing a remedy to one who may desire to be placed in the role of a contestant. The Medill teaching was applied to other post-probate will contests. See Kunze v. Kunze, 145 Kan. 72, 64 P.2d 568, 571 [1937]; Rishel v. McPherson County, 122 Kan. 741, 253 P. 586, 592 [1927] and Ferrier v. Ferrier, 108 Kan. 130, 193 P. 1071 [1920]. A commitment to the Medill principle stands reaffirmed in more recent decisions. See Lakeview Village, Inc. v. Bd. of Cty. Com'rs., 232 Kan. 711, 659 P.2d 187 [1983] (taxpayer's action for recovery of taxes paid under protest) and Hodge v. Hodge, 191 Kan. 390, 381 P.2d 329 [1963] (vacation of divorce decree). The underlying principles of Medill are discussed in Annot., 79 ALR2d 1309, 1323-1326, § 5[a]. In Alakiotis v. Lancione, 12 Ohio Misc. 257, 232 N.E.2d 663, 666 [1966], the court reached the same conclusion as in Medill and cited with approval to the text of the annotation at 79 ALR2d 1309. More recently Lancione was followed in Barnes v. Anderson, 17 Ohio App.2d 142, 478 N.E.2d 248 [1984].

⁸ Pinson v. Robertson, 197 Okl. 419, 172 P.2d 625, 627 [1946] and Williams v. Okla. Nat. Stockyards Co., Okl., 577 P.2d 906 [1978].

⁹ Pinson v. Robertson, supra note 8, 172 P.2d at 627.

¹⁰ Preferred Risk Mutual Insurance Co. v. O'Brien, Okl., 440 P.2d 698 [1968].

¹¹ 12 O.S. 1981 § 176 , now repealed, was replaced by 12 O.S.Supp. 1984 §§ 2004 and 2005 . See, Wall v. Snider, 93 Okl. 97, 219 P. 671, 672 [1923].

¹² Gassin v. McJunkin, 173 Okl. 210, 48 P.2d 321, 326 [1935] and Oberlander v. Eddington, Okl., 391 P.2d 889, 893 [1964].

¹³ Austin v. Curry, Okl., 651 P.2d 1320 [1982].

¹⁴ See 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 151 and Johns v. Wynnewood School Bd. of Educ., Okl., 656 P.2d 248 [1982].

¹⁵ Mayweather v. Wallace, 195 Okl. 587, 159 P.2d 529 [1945].

¹⁶ Pinson v. Robertson, supra note 8, 172 P.2d at 627.

¹⁷ See American Bank of Oklahoma v. Adams, Okl., 514 P.2d 1191, 1193 [1973]; Wall v. Snider, supra note 11, 219 P.2d at 672; Busby v. Eaves, 205 Okl. 346, 237 P.2d 445, 447 [1951]; Gassin v. McJunkin, supra note 12, 48 P.2d at 326 and Oberlander v. Eddington, supra note 12, 391 P.2d at 893.

¹⁸ City of Tulsa v. Smittle, Okl., 702 P.2d 367, 371 [1985] and Ind. Sch. Dist. No. 1 v. Bd. of Cty. Com'rs, Okl., 674 P.2d 547, 550 [1983].

¹⁹ Hiskett v. Wells, Okl., 351 P.2d 300, 304 [1959].

²⁰ Lapse of time that brings about the extinguishment of rights is a legal concept which comes to us from the Roman-law doctrine known as prescription. It affords a mode of acquiring property. Opala, Praescriptio Temporis and Its Relation to Prescriptive Easements in the Anglo-American Law, 7 Tulsa L.Rev. 107, 108-110 [1971]. Limitations did not operate at common law to confer a right but merely to bar the demandant's remedy.

²¹ Oklahoma jurisprudence abounds in time limits that extinguish the challenger's right and limit the court's power to act, as well as destroy the remedy.

²² State ex rel. Cent. State Griffin Mem. Hosp. v. Reed, supra, 493 P.2d note 21.

²³ Mayweather v. Wallace, supra, 159 P.2d note 15; In Re Estate of Redwine, Okl., 445 P.2d 275, 278 [1968]; Battle v. Mason, Okl., 293 P.2d 324, 328 [1955]; Cooper v. Newcomb, 73 Okl. 53, 174 P. 1029, 1031 [1918].

²⁴ The contestant cites Williams v. Okla. Nat. Stockyards Co., supra note 8, and argues that 12 O.S. 1981 § 100 should apply both to special proceedings as well as to actions. We agree. Williams, which is distinguishable from this case, can bring no comfort to this contestant. The one-year extension invoked in Williams was sought to enlarge the time for the commencement of an action after a previously brought special proceeding had failed otherwise than on the merits. In this case contestant incorrectly argues that § 100 also extends the time to challenge judicial action - a will's prior probate.